Greater Arab Free Trade Agreement Research Paper

Greater Arab Free Trade Agreement - Research Paper Example The Economic and Social Council runs and manages the Greater Arab Free Trade agreement and has involved Algeria as another member state in 2009. This treaty is based on the large number of resources available in these countries, and the income that the countries can generate based on volumes due to large populations within the member countries. The member countries generate significant income based on the multiple objectives of the organization which are described further in this paper (Abedini and Peridy 1-2). Objectives of the Treaty The various objectives of this particular treaty include maintenance of local products in the industries so as to promote the internal economies of the countries, reduction of customs and other export fees in order to generate more income, maintaining and improving communication between countries in order to help promote and generate economic activity, and promoting private sector organizations within industries to help improve economic conditions of e ach country. Each objective has been analyzed in detail as well. The countries that are part of the trade agreement generate about 95% of the trade internally, while this trade also translates to about 90% across the world. The several objectives that this trade agreement aims to meet include 1. Improvement and Reduction of Fees in Customs The Arab countries have reduced their tariffs and customs fees by 10% on a yearly basis (40% reduction has already been performed in the customs fees) in order to help promote trade within the countries and to build on the economic systems through internal trade. 2. Promotion of Local Products within the Arab Nations Within the Arab countries, local products are being promoted as part of the agreement, which has far-reaching economic benefits, not only in terms of improved trade and economic welfare but also standardization of products within the countries as well. 3. Promotion and Enhancement of Local Sectors in the Countries The agreement entail s that each country has to promote its private organizations and local sectors by pushing local products in all the countries. For this purpose, a database has been created by the league which is utilized to promote benefits within the local sectors. 4. Improvement of Communication within and Between the Countries Communication between countries is another aim of the agreement, where improving and easing communication between the Arab countries can help promote better bilateral and multilateral trade for the greater economic progress of these countries. (Abedini and Peridy 4-6) Economic Motivation behind the GAFTA Agreement A larger number of research articles have been written in favor of and describing the nature of the Greater Arab Free Trade agreement without entailing or outlining the economic motivation and the economic benefits that are being derived from this agreement. Researchers like Tahir (331-6), Hadhri (35-8) and Bayar (22-7) explain how the Greater Arab Free Trade agr eement is based on objectives of the economic welfare of each Arab nation; however, the descriptive nature of these researchers does not explain why this treaty has been created in the first place. Some research is also available to explain in a limited manner, the ideology behind economic benefits to some particular countries like Morocco.  

The Effects of Global Warming on the Animals in the North Pole Essay

The Effects of Global Warming on the Animals in the North Pole - Essay Example This statement is significant as every living thing, undergoes the process of â€Å"inhaling† and â€Å"exhaling† carbon dioxide and oxygen, thereby resulting in a chemical balance in the earth’s atmosphere. Even a wide variety of human activities, which primarily include the burning of fossil fuels, industrial activities and the cutting down of forest for agricultural purposes and urbanization, are potentially increasing the volume of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, thereby upsetting this atmospheric chemical balance. The details of our complex climate systems are not sufficiently known to facilitate us in the prediction of the precise consequences of global warming in our planet. Our ability to accurately measure the human influence on global climate variation is essentially limited. The forecasted signals are still rising from the phenomenon of variability in climate and the concerned uncertainties. These include the magnitudes and patterns of prolong natu ral variability and the evolving patterns through times; and responses to changes in the concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols. However, it is an essential fact to be noted that, not everyone agrees that the surface temperature of the earth is on the increase. ... Scenario of global warming in the Arctic Circle The Arctic region comprises of the area that is north of the Arctic Circle (66 °34’N), a latitude which is barely 600km from the Shetland Islands. The Arctic Circle covers an area that is approximately 6% of the Earth’s surface, and is populated by almost 4 million humans, which includes indigenous people who have been inhabitants of the Arctic since the past 10,000 years. At the centre are the Arctic Ocean, which partly encloses the five coastal states of Canada, Greenland, Norway, Russia, and the United States of America. During the past five decades, the average annual temperature in the Arctic Circle has significantly increased by upto 3oC. It has been presumed that depending on the local areas and the carbon emissions in the future, the average annual temperature of the Arctic Circle will increase a further 2-9oC in the present year. The fact to be notified is significantly more than the average rise of annual tempe rature globally, which shows a rise of 1.8 - 3.4 °C. This significant rise in the temperature levels has inflicted global warming in the North Pole, which will also essentially feedback into enhanced global warming mainly due to the melting of ice and permafrost thaw. The degree of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean varies seasonally, portraying greatest in March and at the end of winter, while lowest in September at the end of summer. The analysis of the data of the past 3 decades which were obtained from the views of the satellites shows a significant decline in the sea ice. This decline was notified as beyond the natural variations, averaging 11.7% a decade in summer and 2.7% during the winter. It was

The Need For Communication In Modern Business English Language Essay

The Need For Communication In Modern Business English Language Essay Answer: Communication is an important part of business. Opportunities are created because of maintaining good communication with your colleagues and clients. Nearly every transaction is impacted by communication, so the importance of this skill cant be overstated. Its essential for building and maintaining relationships with customers, and good communication is necessary for developing a trustworthy reputation. Communication is a valuable skill, and in many ways is an art form. If you possess strong linguistic skills, youll go far in effectively communicating in both your personal and professional lives. The role of communication in business is important for every role: Corporate Communications/Affairs Manager, Public Relations Specialist, Human Resources Communications Manager, Advertising, and Marketing and Promotions. 2: What is meant by rumour?What is grapevine? Are they the same? Answer: rumor: gossip (usually a mixture of truth and untruth) passed around by word of mouth Grapevine communication is a form of informal business communication, which develops within an organization. It means gossip, usually gossip that spreads and covers a lot of ground (a lot of people), much like vines do. 3: Explain upward communication. How does it take place in an organization? Answer : Information exchange between departments or functional units, as means of coordinating their activities. Communication between people at the same level in an organization, community or peer group, usually as a means of coordinating efforts. Its when the managers of the same level share ideas, suggestions and solutions to help bring the organization to a better level. The main objectives of horizontal communication are developing teamwork, and promoting group coordination within an organization. It takes place between professional peer groups or people working on the same level of hierarchy. Horizontal communication is less formal and structured than both downward communication and upward communication, and may be carried our through informal discussions, management gossip, telephone calls, teleconferencing, videoconferencing, memos, routine meetings and so on. 4: What are the semantic barriers in communication?Explain. Answer : Physical Barriers One of the major barriers of communication in a workplace is the physical barrier. Physical barriers in an organization includes large working areas that are physically separated from others. Other distractions that could cause a physical barrier in an organization are the environment, background noise Language Inability to converse in a language that is known by both the sender and receiver is the greatest barrier to effective communication. When a person uses inappropriate words while conversing or writing, it could lead to misunderstanding between the sender and a receiver. Emotions Your emotions could be a barrier to communication if you are engrossed in your emotions for some reason. In such cases, you tend to have trouble listening to others or understanding the message conveyed to you. A few of the emotional interferences include hostility, anger, resentfulness and fear. Lack of Subject Knowledge If a person who sends a message lacks subject knowledge then he may not be able to convey his message clearly. The receiver could misunderstand his message, and this could lead to a barrier to effective communication. Stress One of the major communication barriers faced by employees in most of the organization is stress. When a person is under immense stress, he may find it difficult to understand the message, leading to communication distortion. At the time of stress, our psychological frame of mind depends on our beliefs, experiences, goals and values. Thus, we fail to realize the essence of communication. 5: Is noise a barrier in the communication process? Answer: Communication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency. 6: Explain the role of multi media in effective communication. Answer : I have long believed that a multimedia presentation is fundamentally no different from any other form of human communication; ideas and information are being transmitted between human beings, what has been called linear communication since the seminal work of Shannon and Weaver. Biocca stated this concept quite clearly: All computer-based interactivity is a form of interaction with other humans, even when none are present. The human essence of the programmers and designers remains resident in the logic of the artificial interaction, even though they are not there. Therefore, to be able to create effective multimedia, we need to consider what constitutes effective human communication, regardless of the medium. A review of the history of those forms of human communication that employ more than one medium can be beneficial for a multimedia developer People have been communicating with each other for hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions, of years. Whenever possible, the initiator of the communication has employed whatever additional methods were available to enhance the communication and make it as effective as possible. So, for example, modern storytellers, as perhaps ancient ones did, use their hands to illustrate the action and create sound effects to emphasize or portray more realistic scenes. As further examples, stage plays and their derivatives, such as opera and movies, normally include costumes and scenery to enhance and further the communication. 7: Communication in an organisation is multi-directional. Discuss the statement by explaining briefly channels of communication based on directions of communication. Answer : Communication is the passing on of ideas and information. In business we need good, clear communication. The contact may be between people, organisations or places and can be in a number of forms such as speech, writing, actions and gestures. Organisations need to be structured in such a way as to maximise the benefits of communication processes. This is why team structures are so useful because they open up a multi-flow channel of communications. Up until the 1980s many large firms in America and Western Europe were characterised by top-down communications systems. http://legacy.businesscasestudies.co.uk/theory_images/173/11200488981.jpg Communication flowed down the line i.e. instructions were passed down the line. Individuals at the bottom end of the system had little scope for decision making. However, modern communication systems stress the importance of empowerment, and multi-flow communications: There are a range of media for flows of communication in a modern organisation including: team briefings team discussions meetings informal talk e-mail discussion boards, etc. Large organisations like Corus and Travis Perkins recognise the importance of multi-channel communications and have therefore created team working structures. Teams are organised into multi-disciplinary groups in order to draw on a range of expertise. The teams are encouraged to make decisions rather than to wait for commands from above. Multi-channel communications Formal communications are those that involve the officially recognised communication channels within an organisation. Informal communication involves other forms of interactions between organisational members. Good communication is an important person to person skill in an organisation. Employees are most likely to be well motivated and to work hard for organisations where there are well organised multi-directional communication flows. Communication flows in a number of directions: Downward communication involves the passing of commands from higher levels in a hierarchy to lower levels. This is sometimes referred to as top-down communication. Upward communication involves the feedback of ideas from lower down in the organisation to higher levels. This sort of communication flow is important in the consultation of employees, and enables managers to draw on good ideas from those working at grassroots levels in an organisation. Sideways communication involves the exchange of ideas and information between those at the same level in an organisation e.g. between the various functions. Multi-channel communication involves a range of flows of information. Information and Communications technology and the resultant networking systems enable effective multi-channel communication. There are all sorts of ways of organising effective communications between members of an organisation: Team briefings enable team leaders and managers to communicate and consult with their staff. Team briefings may take place on a daily basis or less frequently. Formal meetings enable a more formalised approach to communication. Face-to-face communications enable a free and frank exchange of ideas. There are many other ways of communicating such as e-mail, electronic noticeboards, physical noticeboards, newsletters, phone, fax, videoconferencing etc. The type of communication channel used needs to be appropriate to the message being conveyed. For example, if an exchange of ideas is required some sort of face-to-face meeting will be most appropriate. The communication of information can be done by newsletter, or notice board. Team working encourages a range of different types of communication and can be to high levels of motivation. 8: Give a few examples where one can say that communication was done in an unethical mannner. Answer : 9: It is feedback that completes the proces of communication.. Elaborate this statement. Answer: Communication plays a very crucial role in an organization. In fact, communication is the reason for human existence. There are different forms of communication through which the intentions of people and animals and even plants alike can be passed across to another. Without communication, life will be very difficult and in fact, it will be full of chaos. Feedback makes communication meaningful. It is the end-result of an idea and makes communication continuous. In the process of communication, the originator first gets the idea to be passed across and then think of how to get it across via appropriate channel or medium. After the coding and dissemination, one expects the decoder after receiving the information or idea to give response. The response thus given is called the response which may be verbal or non-verbal, that is, in words or mere smile, glance, clap, etc. While feedback could be instantaneous as in the case of verbal conversation between two people standing or on telephone conversation or internet instant message, it could be delayed for sometime before the response is given to allow the receiver to think and take his time to consider what he is given. While the former is common to an informal communication, the latter goes with formal communication via letters, memo, etc. Feedback could also be in written form or in oral form or even both. It could be also in form of demonstration e.g. body movement, paralanguage, gesture, posture, etc. At one time or another, people are seen been frustrated as a result of the refusal of another person to give response to their message or letter. Some got so mad that delay in such could result to disciplinary measures or insubordination especially in a formal setting. To lovers, it means life itself. Refusal to communicate ones intentions may mal the whole relationship of a thing. All these explain the importance of feedback in communication. The following are some of the importance of feedback in communication either in a formal or informal setting: 1. It completes the whole process of communication and makes it continuous. 2. It sustains communication process 3. It makes one know if one is really communication or making sense 4. It is a basis for measuring the effectiveness of communication 5. It is a good basis for planning on what next to be done especially statistical report 6. Communication will be useless without feedback 7. Feedback paves way for new idea generation These points are few in number. The basis being established here is that feedback is the livewire of communication as communication is the livewire of human existence and interaction. 10: One has to be well educated to learn the nuances of communication. Do u agree or disagree? Suppourt your answers with logical and concrete examples. Answer : Think of how often you communicate with people during your day. You write emails, facilitate meetings, participate in conference calls, create reports, devise presentations, debate with your colleaguesà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦ the list goes on. We can spend almost our entire day communicating. So, how can we provide a huge boost to our productivity? We can make sure that we communicate in the clearest, most effective way possible. communication needs to be: Clear. Concise. Concrete. Correct. Coherent. Complete. Courteous. and well illustrate each element with both good examples. 1. Clear When writing or speaking to someone, be clear about your goal or message. What is your purpose in communicating with this person? If youre not sure, then your audience wont be sure either. To be clear, try to minimize the number of ideas in each sentence. Make sure that its easy for your reader to understand your meaning. People shouldnt have to read between the lines and make assumptions on their own to understand what youre trying to say 2. Concise When youre concise in your communication, you stick to the point and keep it brief. Your audience doesnt want to read six sentences when you could communicate your message in three. Are there any adjectives or filler words that you can delete? You can often eliminate words like for instance, you see, definitely, kind of, literally, basically, or I mean. Are there any unnecessary sentences? Have you repeated the point several times, in different ways? 3. Concrete When your message is concrete, then your audience has a clear picture of what youre telling them. There are details (but not too many!) and vivid facts, and theres laserlike focus. Your message is solid. 4. Correct When your communication is correct, it fits your audience. And correct communication is also error-free communication. Do the technical terms you use fit your audiences level of education or knowledge? Have you checked your writing for grammatical errors? Remember, spell checkers wont catch everything. Are all names and titles spelled correctly? 5. Coherent When your communication is coherent, its logical. All points are connected and relevant to the main topic, and the tone and flow of the text is consistent. 6. Complete In a complete message, the audience has everything they need to be informed and, if applicable, take action. Does your message include a call to action, so that your audience clearly knows what you want them to do? Have you included all relevant information à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ contact names, dates, times, locations, and so on? 7. Courteous Courteous communication is friendly, open, and honest. There are no hidden insults or passive-aggressive tones. You keep your readers viewpoint in mind, and youre empathetic to their needs. 11: Expain the organisational and personal barriers to communication. Answer : Ethics because it is not ethical to answer questions that a person is not supposed to hear, i.e., conflict of interest. Law is similar but this is through written communications. One should never put in an email or something written that could be used in court. All of that info should go via personal exchages Gender bias is obvious. Sometimes say a man wont reveal certain things to a woman and vice versa. And lastly, confidentialty. What is the saying; Valor is the better part of discretion? Dont say what you dont want someone else to hear.

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The American and Chinese culture have a different perspective of what ghost really are. The word ghost has many different meanings in The Woman Warrior. As Maxine was growing up apart from her family’s culture but in a different culture, she knows she is alone. Americans have many different customs than the Chinese do. The ghost change depending on everyone’s point of view. Her mother, Brave Orchid, would describe these different people as ghost, because they weren’t of her culture. The only important people are the Chinese people. They didn’t speak the same language or worked as hard as they did. In the memoir, The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts, Kingston uses the motif of ghosts, to establish the separation between different cultures as an individual yearns to understand who she is. One way the Chinese culture interprets the word ghost is people who disgrace their own family. As in Maxine no name Aunt, she had a baby outside her marriage so she became a disgrace to her family. They called her â€Å"Ghost! Dead ghost! You have never been born† (Kingston 14). Maxine is ...

Keda Case Analysis Essay

Organization– ERP supports tightly knit collaboration among different departments. Departmental boundaries are replaced by streamline data flows & integrated business processes. Human Resources- Management, department heads, IT staff and users worked as a team. Keda provided high customization across increasingly diverse product lines to meet client needs. Technology- Technology is integrated to support all primary activities. ERP enables flow of information across department, so timely and strategic decisions are made. Purchasing – Technology enabled right estimates and timely access of raw materials. Stocking could be limited Service Customer Service and repair of parts Service Customer Service and repair of parts Outbound IT helped keep track of delivery of customized products and faster financial reconciliation Outbound IT helped keep track of delivery of customized products and faster financial reconciliation Inbound ERP enabled effective inventory management Inventory could be received in timely manner Inbound ERP enabled effective inventory management Inventory could be received in timely manner Marketing & Sales Low percentage of unsold inventory, improved market responsiveness, costing estimates Marketing & Sales Low percentage of unsold inventory, improved market responsiveness, costing estimates Operations Keda has a broad offering spanning industrial machinery for ceramics, stone processing, building Materials & energy resource management Operations Keda has a broad offering spanning industrial machinery for ceramics, stone processing, building Materials & energy resource management 2) Reasons for Keda to embark on an ERP implementation project There was a pressure and incentives from Chinese government to promote computerization in corporations in an effort to catch up with the foreign firms. 3) Inventory Management- Â  Keda’s low volume and high customization across an increasingly diverse product line made it difficult to keep track of the many unique, individual parts. 4) Cost Management – Mess in material management made cost of a product unclear and costing was based on experience. Profit or loss from sale of product was unclear due to mess in material management. Thus pricing of products was difficult. ) Opportunity Cost – Keda struggled to meet demand. It produced much below the market demand. Suboptimal use of resources represented a significant opportunity cost for the company. Reusable materials were scrapped and precious machine time was often wasted. 6) MRP II system – Keda had opened multiple pants. The existing MRP II system could not support multi-plant operations. 3) Critical Su ccess factors and the structures in place ‘Top management support, key users involvement and clear roles and responsibilities between IT, consultants and staff were critical success factors’ and central to the initiative’s success. The implementation team was built taking into account the roles and responsibilities of all the employees of Keda. Top management were responsible for critical decisions, key users supplied the actual data, IT staff used this data as requirements for the process design, managers and department head acted as intermediaries between users and IT team. The key users were at the core, the consultants acted as coaches and the IT officers provided task support to users and consultants. Vital representatives such as departmental managers and essential operational staff possessed comprehensive understanding of the operations and needs of the department. Top management would provide overall project direction and make critical decisions; consulting support would be provided by personnel from Digital China; project managers would be assigned from both KEDA and Digital China; departmental representatives would oversee the business process design and system design aspects; and the IT department would provide all necessary technical support. Each ERP system module was assigned an owner from the associated department, who was fully responsible for the workflow and operational details of the module. The key users ensured that the system’s design correctly reflected business practices, and they also played a crucial role in training users within their respective departments. Manager from each department worked closely with the IT department. Determined team effort was a beneficial and essential part of project success. Involving all the stakeholders helped limit resistance and endless changes once the system went live.

Employment and Family Essay

This paper is about Family Related Issued: Family and Medical Act, in studying the case where it matters that a parent literally had nothing to do with a biological child in order for the child to take advantage of the Family and Medical Act (FMLA) to care for that parent. The motive in this paper is to determine the size of the business can have any effect on whether Toney is eligible for family leave under the FMLA. I will discuss whether Herman can or cannot imply that if Tony takes a leave of absence under the FMLA, he may not have a job when he comes back. In this paper I will give describe who is covered by the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993? In this case I will explain the extent to which an employer can make his or her own determination as to the eligibility of an employer under the Family and Medical Leave Act. Explain if it matters that a parent literally had nothing to do with a biological child in order for the child to take advantage of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) to care for that parent. The Family and Medical Act is a law endorsed by the United States that needs big companies top management team to offer its employees, the coverage to (FMLA) for their job compensations due to a short term or long term serious health illness that effect the employee to be off from work because they need to assist a family member, spouse pregnancy, or care of children. In the case it did not matter if Tony was his biological son or not. In the Family and Medical Leave Act there is a limit on the amount of sick and vacation time that can be used and it is apparently stated in this law. Also, if there is enough time they are allowed to by law. With a lot of companies they now used PTO days that include vacation and medical days at work that employees can use after six months or one year depending on the business. In was not specified in the video how long Tony had been employed with the company, as the request was for three weeks off. Under normal circumstances the business would ask foe a written request for the leave of absence or medial leave on the FMLA form. And the company would also like to have at least a two week notice in most causes so the employee would have time to get a substitute while Tony is out on leave. Explain whether the size of the business can have any effect on whether Tony is eligible for the family leave under the FMLA. Herman thinking and his thoughts was a concerned for the company, but the business size does not matter. Herman is utilizing Tony as a business prerequisite from medically taking care of his father that is in need of his assistance. This companies has more that enough employee that could cover Tony while on leave, though Herman shows concern about the sales of automobiles being sold due Tony absence. Herman main issues of Tony taking time off is because of the affect it will have on their business. Even more this makes Tony eligible for the FMLA during this time. (Halbert, Ingulli 2010) Explain whether Herman can or cannot imply that if Tony takes a leave of absence under the FMLA, he may not have a job when he returns. Herman cannot imply if Tony takes a leave under the FMLA, but he must make Tony aware that there is not guarantee that he will have a job when he is able to come back to work. This kind of action or treatment is not fair at all and the FMLA Act protects the employees if they are eligible to take a leave to assist their family of serious illness, to take care of newborn, or accommodate other family responsibilities. Because Tony is a valuable employee, one of the companies top auto salesman by word of mouth as number one marketing strategy. Herman has a great concerned, that he may not have another strong salesman that could fulfill the service like Tony provided for the company and to the customers (2010). Describe who is covered by the Family and Medical Act (FMLA) of 1993. The Family and Medical Act of 1993 were put into place to promote the stability and economic security of families as well as the nation’s interest in preserving the integrity of families. The Family and Medical Act applies to any employer in the private sector who employers 50 or more employees each working at least 20 calendar seeks in the current or preceding calendar year. This law covers all state, local governments, and local education agencies. Title II of FMLA covers most federal employees, who are subject to regulations issued by the Office of Personnel Management. Also, the employer can not use the practice if forcing employees to behave in an involuntary manner such as threats or intimidation of their jobs should they chose to take a leave under the FMLA. (Halbert, Ingulli 2010). Explain the extent to which an employer can make his or her own determination as to the eligibility of an employee under the Family and Medical Leave Act. An employer determines the eligibility of the employees based on the annual worked hours by the employee. Human Resource also request that a written FMLA form is completed with end two weeks of the request leave. Should an employee have not been notified within a 30 day the employer can make a decision of eligibility, causing a deferral of the FMLA? In addition, an employer is providing medical certification which would prove the leave would clarify eligibility for leave. If there is reason to believe by the employee that the employer does not plan to return to work at the end of the leave the employee has the right to terminate the FMLA request. Employer also has the right to terminate the FMLA as well if there falsified information given by the employer. Halbert, Ingulli 2010). The Family and Medical Leave Act is a benefit for companies, employees and families in the place of work to allow ones job functions, and personal responsibilities to be taken into consideration. During the time of leave the employees receive an income and security doing the time off. Other benefits to employees is receiving aide from relatives in the time of need, and the organization have an advantage from yearly d ecrease in staff earnings, which will lower the preparation and employment costs, and improves the performances of the employees. There have been thousands of employees that have used the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) and business programs of essential to developing effective impact reporting that is positive or concentrating on improving the performance of their employees, and allowing the employees to know that there are limitation in the law for exclusion of more than thirty percent of employees that do not meet the criteria for the leave, which would prevent the employees who meets the criteria from going on any leave due to there is no extra funding or budget to cover the cost. Halbert, Ingulli 2010). Conclusion In conclusion of the Family and Medical Leave Act the matter that a parent literally had nothing to do with a biological child in order for the child to take advantage of the law was enacted by the United States and requires large business to provide their employees with this coverage to protect the employment for family related issues such as a serious health illness or care of children. Secondly, this law is also effective with companies that employers that have at least 50 or more employees on staff. Thirdly, Herman cannot imply if Tony takes a leave under the FMLA, and in this law he must make Tony aware that there is not guarantee that he will have a job when he is able to come back to work. Fourth, in this case in the year 1993 the FMLA was presented to employers for employees that are eligible for the leave of absence and met the criteria required for the companies. And last we have explain the extent to which an employer can make his or her own determination as to the eligibility of an employee under the Family and Medical Leave Act when the hours worked in a year time, written notice submitted to human resource has been submitted in a timely manner and medical certification has been documented will allow the employee to have the time off on leave.

Essay Sample on Art The Conceptual Art Revolution

Essay Sample on Art The Conceptual Art Revolution Art has always been arises out of previous art, pertinacious survival, and development of traditions. The succession of step from Impressionism, through Cubism, Matisse and Mondrian, up to Abstract Expressionism could be seen as a development of the means and possibilities of painting itself. The Minimal and Conceptual art from the 1970s through to the 1990s. Over these years art become a big revolution. Conceptual art forms differed from the general background and practices in at least three different areas of art-making activity which were painting, sculpture, and photography. Conceptual art broke with traditional notions and uses various ways and forms, it was no longer necessary for paintings to be primarily coloured, flat, or for sculptures to be upright or have volume. Its could be words, light, people, air, sound, refuse, multi-media installations and much else besides. In works that were generally receptive to mass-media, then, was not merely a set of art objects for visual delectation and assessment, but also like accumulating ideas that backwash in the larger context of our culture. During that period conceptual art emphasized ideas more. And it seemed more historical and critical approached. Conceptual art forms around cultural, political, and social content. Conceptual artists were reacting against the visuality of the conventional art object in a different way. Their works show the rejection of visuality. The concept and idea are behind the purely visual style which is more important. During sixties, artists tend to be reductive and austere in their way of presentation. For example, Robert Barrys work projected the slides with typed words or short sentences. Lawrence Weiner painted short statement directly on the wall. In the works, the visual elements of an artwork art challenged, and obviously the text expands, and the contextual element becomes a focal point. The subject of the work becomes reflection on the conventions and it seems self-questioning about how it displayed and communicated. Somehow, conceptual art expanded criticizes the materiality of the art object. And increased emphasis on the thoughts, which broadest possibilities of public. Its often use a context to display. During the mid to late 1960, There were several conceptual artists like Lawrence Weiner, Joseph Kosuth, Robert Barry, in their works they were making of art in the very different way like they use form of written or printed texts, this kind of art grasp the special function of texts in the context of visual art. These contextual factors related to the cultural forms of language, and also use critical and theoretical writing directly. But the most notably work is made by Marcel Duchamp. In other words, all art after Duchamp is conceptual because art only exists conceptually. Duchamps work is characterized a wide variety of media and explored of the boundaries of previous art. In his work the ideas instead of the objects; its a revolution of notion that effect remarkably the later generations. His notorious work Fountain was a manufactured urinal which is readymade. He is played with the relationship with the idea, object and vision. The reception of the Fountain into the museum made people think that the object is not matter, the thought matter. He is created the new thought of the non-object. The process to making art and the thought which is the artist try to emphasis not the object. The way he is display art-the readymade compare to the varieties visual art that come before which were anti-aesthetics and also very new for the audience. It was exaggerated the impact of these ideas on the community of later artists. Some conceptual artists believed art exists in the artists mind and ideas not just in the object itself. Therefore produce objects and develop it that becomes pure ideas. Lawrence Weiner was translate the intellectual content with non-object, began to work in purely art context. He was trying to find out the relations between materials and ideas. He always uses words and phrases adhered to gallery walls and taking the forms of a short printed statement to represent an expansion of the notion of sculptural materials, and equivalent to the more technical proposition. His statements are distinguished by studied neutrality, produced by their linguistic form. During the 1970s and 80s, his works rapidly became more self conscious and graphically stylized. His work evolved from paper to the wall, from the particular space like a gallery to more public location. Hes even painted a statement or the context about social political and culture of the city on the walls of the streets. His install ation work incorporated the public into the work. For example, Joseph Kosuth was alone considered space, and thus by implication, materiality to be kind of irrelevant to his work. In fact, he attempts to put the concept behind his art work to the widest audience. And his ideas and art become more public. He used a stylistic or object based concern to influence his art. Kosuth was insistent that the object is irrelevant to art. He had practiced based on the idea. He had progressed from reality to idea, from image to abstraction. It becomes an idea and then an idea which obviously becomes infinitely circle. His famous works: art as idea as idea also is his art practice and creative process. Apparently he emphasized more about the concept in the art work then either reality or image. But the object always persists. In his work he uses different versions into the same physical object and emphasizing the conceptual relationships and disparities between it. Its redefinition the visual image. Eventually, materiality is unavoidable. Kosuths philosophical conception lagged behind Weiners notion of language as sculptural material. Weiner was keeping the conceptual aesthetics that struggling for direction. And in the same time his translation of intellectual content with non-object, began to work in purely art context. Hes trying to find out the relations between materials. He always uses words and phrases adhered to gallery walls. He was taking the forms of a short printed statement to represent an expansion of the notion of sculptural materials, and equivalent to the more technical proposition. His statements are distinguished by studied neutrality, produced by their linguistic form. During the 1970s and 80s, his works rapidly became more self conscious and graphically stylized. His work evolved from paper to the wall, from the particular space like a gallery to more public location. Hes even painted a statement or the context about social political and culture of the city on the walls of the streets. His installation work incorporated the public into the work. Barry was concerned with visibility. And his work was invisible, yet emphatically material. He used invisible materials to draw attention to the method and style in which the matter has been redefined by different ways. So he has broken the traditional assumption of visibility.

How to Write When Muse Doesnt Help

How to Write When Muse Doesnt Help There you are. Slamming your brain repeatedly against the keyboard at 1:53am while your loudest â€Å"make ideas happen† music blares from your headphones. Intermittently, you are uploading pictures of your cat to Instagram while cursing the professor who assigned this stupid essay. You are considering selling your soul to the Devil in lieu of a working thesis statement. Don’t make any blood oaths just yet. Even when your brain just doesn’t seem to be making any connections, there are ways to get your ideas flowing and that essay started. With a little creative help and a lot of determination, even the most uninspired essay can turn into a gem. 1. Go Where the People Are In a recent study from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, researchers found that ambient noise at around 70 decibels actually improves creative thought. They found that extreme quiet, 50 decibels or lower, impedes the ability to think abstractly since it introduces too much focus into the equation. On the other hand, make sure you don’t go where there is too much noise. The study also showed that noises over 85 decibels, the sound of heavy traffic, is too distracting for creative thinking. So, make sure you go to a coffee shop, not a metal concert. 2. Create an Outline Remember in high school when your teacher forced you to make an outline? It might have seemed like a huge waste of time then, but it’s a great trick to get your essay on the page. In fact, with a good enough outline, half of your paper will already be written for you. In fact, there is a simple 7-step procedure to have an excellent outline that will always get you off to a good essay start. Answer the prompt. In one or two sentences, answer the prompt for the article. This is your thesis statement. It will go at the end of your first paragraph. Write a main sentence for each of your paragraphs. Each paragraph should help to explain what you stated in your thesis. For each paragraph, write one sentence about what that paragraph is going to say. List 2-3 resources for each paragraph. Look at the main sentence for each paragraph. Now, find some resources that prove what you said in that sentence. List them. Now that you have all your paragraphs and thesis statement outlined, you will have some great ideas on how to start writing your essay. By the time you’re finished writing the body, or â€Å"meat,† of your essay, you should have some good ideas on how to write the introduction and conclusion. 3. Set a Timer One of the best ways to get writing when your brain feels like mush is to do a timed writing. Simply set your timer for 5-10 minutes and sit down at your computer. Start writing whatever comes into your head. If you’re working on an essay, write down all the things you know about the subject, or how you feel about it. Whatever you do, don’t stop writing. When you run out of things to say, simply write, â€Å"I don’t know what to say.† Your brain will eventually fill that space with things that can help you connect your ideas with the essay you need to complete. 4. Do Some Research I don’t mean search â€Å"funny cat videos† for two hours. I mean, real research. For example, if your essay needs to be about a current event, go to an online news source and start looking at headlines. Anything that catches your attention is a great place to begin your research. Especially if you’re low on time, research is another area where it’s a good idea to time yourself. Set the clock for one hour and look for concrete evidence to support your ideas. Educational websites (.edu) and governmental websites (.gov) are the most authoritative, so their excellent places to start. Also, make sure that you are citing your source so that you don’t get in trouble for plagiarism. 5. Just Write It In the end, writing an essay is simply about sitting down and doing it. Many authors, essayists, and professional writers don’t wait for inspiration before they put pen to paper. As a student, you can’t wait until inspiration strikes to start your essay. Simply setting aside a time to write and then making it happen is the best way to avoid losing your soul to a college essay assignment.

Conjugation of the Spanish Verb Saber

Conjugation of the Spanish Verb Saber Saber, a common Spanish verb usually meaning to know in the sense of having knowledge, is highly irregular. Both the stem and the endings can take unexpected forms. Saber should not be confused with conocer, which also means to know, but in the sense of being familiar with a person. Conocer also is conjugated irregularly Irregular forms are shown below in boldface. Pronouns are shown for convenience and clarity; they often are omitted in everyday speech and writing. Infinitive of Saber saber (to know) Gerund of Saber sabiendo (knowing) Participle of Saber sabido (known) Present indicative of Saber sà © (I know), tà º sabes (you know), usted/à ©l/ella sabe (you know, he/she knows), nosotros/as sabemos (we know), vosotros/as sabà ©is (you know), ustedes/ellos/ellas saben (you/they know) Preterite Indicative of Saber yo supe (I knew), tà º supiste (you knew), usted/à ©l/ella supo (you, he/she knew), nosotros/as supimos (we knew), vosotros/as supisteis (you knew), ustedes/ellos/ellas supieron (they knew) Imperfect Indicative of Saber yo sabà ­a (I knew), tà º sabà ­as (you knew), usted/à ©l/ella sabà ­a (you/he/she knew), nosotros/as sabà ­amos (we knew), vosotros/as sabà ­ais (you knew), ustedes/ellos/ellas sabà ­an (you/they knew) Future Indicative of Saber yo sabrà © (I will know), tà º sabrs (you will know), usted/à ©l/ella sabr (you/he/she will know), nosotros/as sabremos (we will know), vosotros/as sabrà ©is (you will know), ustedes/ellos/ellas sabrn (they will know) Conditional of Saber yo sabrà ­a (I would know), tà º sabrà ­as (you would know), usted/à ©l/ella sabrà ­a (you/he/she would know), nosotros/as sabrà ­amos (we would know), vosotros/as sabrà ­ais (you would know), ustedes/ellos/ellas sabrà ­an (you/they would know) Present Subjunctive of Saber que yo sepa (that I know), que tà º sepas (that you know), que usted/à ©l/ella sepa (that you/he/she know), que nosotros/as sepamos (that we know), que vosotros/as sepis (that you know), que ustedes/ellos/ellas sepan (that you/they know) Imperfect Subjunctive of Saber que yo supiera/supiese (that I knew), que tà º supieras/supieses (that you knew), que usted/à ©l/ella supiera/supiese (that you/he/she knew), que nosotros/as supià ©ramos/supià ©semos (that we knew), que vosotros/as supierais/supieseis (that you knew), que ustedes/ellos/ellas supieran/supiesen (that you/they knew) Imperative of Saber sabe tà º (know), no sepas tà º (dont know), sepa usted (know), sepamos nosotros/as (let us know), sabed vosotros/as (know), no sepis vosotros/as (dont know), sepan ustedes (know) Present Perfect Indicative of Saber yo he sabido, tà º has sabido, usted/à ©l/ella ha sabido, nosotros/as hemos sabido, vosotros habà ©is sabido, ustedes/ellos/ellas han sabido (I have known, you have known, she has known, etc.) Pluperfect (Past Perfect Indicative of Saber) yo habà ­a sabido, tà º habà ­a sabido, usted/à ©l/ella habà ­a sabido, nosotros/as habà ­amos sabido, vosotros habà ­ais sabido, ustedes/ellos/ellas habà ­an sabido (that I had known, that you had known, that he had known, etc.) Future Perfect Indicative of Saber yo habrà © sabido, tà º habrs sabido, usted/à ©l/ella habr sabido, nosotros/as habremos sabido, vosotros habrà ©is sabido, ustedes/ellos/ellas habrn sabido (I will have known, you will have known, she will have known, etc.) Present Perfect Subjunctive of Saber yo haya sabido, tà º hayas sabido, usted/à ©l/ella haya sabido, nosotros/as hayamos sabido, vosotros hayis sabido, ustedes/ellos/ellas hayan sabido (that I have known, that you have known, that he has known, etc.) Past Perfect Subjunctive of Saber yo hubiera/hubiese sabido, tà º hubieras/hubieses sabido, usted/à ©l/ella hubiera/hubieses sabido, nosotros/as hubià ©ramos/hubià ©semos sabido, vosotros hubierais/hubieseis sabido, ustedes/ellos/ellas hubieran/hubiesen sabido (that I had known, that you had known, that she had known, etc.) Conditional Perfect of Saber yo habrà ­a sabido, tà º habrà ­as sabido, usted/à ©l/ella habrà ­a sabido, nosotros/as habrà ­amos sabido, vosotros habrà ­ais sabido, ustedes/ellos/ellas habrà ­an sabido (I would have known, you would have known, he would have known, etc.) Progressive Tenses of Saber The many  progressive  tenses use the appropriate form  estar  followed by the  gerund,  sabiendo. It is not common, however, to use saber in a progressive form. Sample Sentences Using Forms of Saber Quiero saber lo que piensas. (I want to know what youre thinking. Infinitive.) No sà © que hacer. (I dont know what to do. Present tense.)  ¿Cuntos aà ±os tenà ­as cuando supiste la siguiente informacià ³n? (How old were you when you learned the following information? Note that in the preterite tense, which is used here, conocer often means to learn or to come to know.) Estbamos sorprendidos porque no sabà ­amos lo que habà ­a pasado. (We were surprised because we didnt know what had happened.) Hemos sabido por mucho tiempo que el ser humano posee el poder transformar la Tierra en formas a la vez terribles y majestuosas. (We have known for a long time that the human being has the power to transform the Earth in ways both terrible and majestic at the same time. Present perfect.) Sin muchos consejos, no sabrà ­amos lo que debemos estudiar. (Without a lot of advice, we wouldnt know what we should study.) Cuando veas las fotos, sabrs la verdad. (When you see the photos, you will know the truth. Future.) No me importa que Roxana sepa que soy su benefactor. (It doesnt matter that Roxana knows Im her benefactor. Present subjunctive.) Podrà ­a estar roto por semanas y no lo habrà ­an sabido. (It could be broken for weeks and they would not have known. Conditional perfect.)

The Theme Of Happiness In The Movie Revolutionary Road Essay

The Theme Of Happiness In The Movie Revolutionary Road - Essay Example I feel the frustrations of not achieving their dreams could have polarized the relationship. Finding purpose and meaning in life has lasting impact one's well-being. Occasionally, this results from having fulfilled dreams. Living below your dreams can lead to mental distress and become unable to cope with life issues. The quick turn of events changes the platform to achieve the dreams for the two lovers. Frank gets promotion and April are pregnant again. The frustrations grew up to the point of break up. True to Friedan, a magazine analyst, words, women in The New Woman Heroine yearn for career growth, self-identity and if they did not make it, those dreams would still be burning inside them to a point that they would wish their daughters to live their dreams. Looking at April, I can understand why she had to do what she did. She did not have anything to hold on in life. Her career becoming close to impossible to achieve and unhappy marriage running in her hand every time she would think of it was enough to torture her to death. Everyone wants to achieve the life’s dream and if not have something that closely resembles such dreams. It gives purpose and meaning which I believe lacked for the couple. I feel like no one can understand our dreams better than we do and hence the need to follow our  heart.

Higher education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Higher education - Essay Example While university attendance rates increased generally for women, there was significant variance among different segments of the population because of factors such as age, race and ethnicity. This is because especially in this age of globalization we all have multiple identities such as age, race, ethnicity, religion, full or part time student, employment status, recent immigrant or native, etc. Intersectional theory shows that ones’ various identities intersect with each other influencing how we think and act, sometimes in opposite directions. For example, a Muslim woman from a conservative family may want to attend college, but is discouraged from doing so by her strict upbringing stipulating that education is unnecessary for women. Thus while the general trend is for increased female university attendance, the actual increase varies among different population segments because of the intersection of influences prevailing in specific populations which can either encourage or d ampen the trend. Table 5-8 This table in the provided reading analyses the proportion of undergraduate degrees earned in 2004 in the US by gender, race, ethnicity and age. For example, it tells us that 61% of all graduates were â€Å"traditional†, that is full time students under 24 while the remaining 39% were over 25, presumably either part time students possibly employed or full time who may have interrupted their work career in order to upgrade their skills. In the under 24 age group 34% within the 61% were women, and in the older group 24% within the 30% were women, or more than half in each case. However, while the proportion of women exceeded men for all racial/ethnic categories, the margin of difference varied considerably. For example, African Americans of both sexes were 50% of their graduating population for both the under 24 and over 25 age groups. However, for the under 24s 30% within the 50% were women 34% within the over 24 50% were also women, that is in both cases especially in the older group over half of the African American graduates were women. In contrast, for the Asian Americans under 24 33% within the 65% were women, although they constituted 21% within the remaining over 25 proportion. It is also noticeable that for most racial/ethnic groups women are a higher proportion of graduates for the over 25 age group than they are for the younger graduates, although in each case they exceed the male rate. Although the table tells us that there are differences among racial/ethnic groups in the degree to which the proportion of female graduates exceed that of males and the higher proportion is generally even more pronounced for the over 25 age group, it dos not tell us why. Unfortunately, in the social sciences unlike in the physical sciences, one cannot easily manipulate the quantity and quality of variables in a lab experiment to determine the exact effect of each variation. Instead, one must examine different population segments and di fferent hypothesis about what economic and/or social factors are likely driving their behavior, for example, the higher proportion of African American women pursuing higher education compared to females of other races/identities. Is this because they are generally of a lower socio-economic

Civil Litigation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Civil Litigation - Essay Example It saves the aggrieved party of waiting for a long trial before gaining any compensation and also saves the defendant from inflated costs in case the ruling is to their disadvantage. In this case, the material facts are: 1. The motorcyclist suffered personal injuries by sustaining whiplash, a broken leg and a broken nose. 2. You do not have valid insurance to drive the car involved in the accident. 3. You have already been charged in a court of law for careless driving. It is also important to recognize that having been found guilty of careless driving, the court must have upheld one or more of the following elements of the provisions of Road Traffic Act 1988 Section 3: 1. If a person drives a mechanically propelled vehicle on a road or other public place without due care and attention, or without reasonable consideration for other persons using the road or place, he is guilty of an offence. 2. A person is to be regarded as driving without due care and attention specifically if he fa ils o exhibit competence and care. 3. In order to determine the purposes of what shall constitute subsection (2) above of what would be expected of a careful and competent driver in a particular case, regard shall be had not only to the circumstances of which he could be expected to be aware but also to any circumstances shown to have been within the knowledge of the accused. 4. Other persons must be inconvenienced by the driving of a person for that person is to be regarded as driving without reasonable consideration for other persons. Procedure for Pre-action Protocol for Personal Injury Claims. 1. Early Notification The guidelines allow for a early notification of intent to file a claim to the defendant as soon as the legal representative feel that a personal injury claim is to be pursued. In your case, the letter from Mr Donnels’ Solicitors (A& T) amounts to early notification according to the guidelines. The early notification does not necessary have to be detailed as th e costs of the claim may not be crystal clear at this stage. However, you are not under any obligation to respond to this notification as it does not start the timetable for responding. At this stage, it would be wise to explore the likelihood of having to pay any legal claims that may arise relating to the personal injuries suffered by Mr. Donells. The possibilities at this stage is that the solicitors representing Mr. Donells are in all likelihood going to pursue personal injury claims against you and therefore early preparation is essential. 2. Letter of Claim If the solicitors for Mr Daniells choose to pursue personal injury claims, the next course of action will be sending you a letter of claim. The letter of claim is usually sent to the client’s insure for cases involving road accidents. However, the facts point out that you did not to enable you drive as at the occurrence of the accident. This means that the claim will be solely directly at you and you will be responsi ble for any financial interests arising from the claims. The letter of claim provides sufficient information for the defendant to assess the liability. Usually, it will include the full details of the hospital where the claimant was treated. This information is important in its entirety to help you estimate the size of the claim. The letter of claim that may be issued should have a clear summary of facts of the accident indicating the nature of injuries

Total reward -Job Satisfaction Literature review

Total reward -Job Satisfaction - Literature review Example Total Rewards pertains to all the tools that an employer has at one’s disposal, which could be used to attract, retain and motivate employees.Total Rewards approach takes into cognizance all the factors and attributes that are the direct outcome of an employment relationship, which are perceived by an employee to be of valueThe objective of the Total Rewards approach is to optimize the rewards offerings facilitated by an organization so as to yield the optimal results for the money spent on configuring and delivering awards This approach may involve an integration of a wide range of programs within an organization, which may not be directly perceived to be rewards by everyone (Fitz-Enz 2009). A wide range of practices that may involve enhancing the employee productivity by making the work hours more flexible, curtailing employee turnover by extending career advancement and training opportunities within an organization, making the management system within an organization more p articipative and interactive to encourage employee participation could be blended with the direct and indirect monetary compensation to yield maximal results from a reward system that is inherently bold and innovative (Fitz-Enz 2009). A Total Rewards approach do takes into consideration that the fact that when it comes to foster a workforce that is committed and motivated, the tangible reward forms and systems are important, but are certainly the be all and end all of a viable reward system (Fitz-Enz 2009). In that context, the question that deserves the attention of researchers is that why the reward approach has suddenly become very important in the contemporary context. One of the reasons for this is that there is a war for talent in the job market out there. Though going with the current economic meltdown and the recessionary trends, the labour market may have softened somewhat, still, employee retention has emerged to be a pivotal issue in many organizations (Jensen, Mcmullen & Stark 2007, p. 62). Companies do incur massive expenditure in training and grooming talent and hence attracting and retaining a staff that is experienced and skilled stands to be the top priority for many managers. With the compensation budgets getting more constrained, the competition to attract skilled and experienced employees has tremendously increased (Jensen, Mcmullen & Stark 2007, p. 62). To be able to cope up with such budgetary squeezes, managers need to delve on an assortment of tangible and intangible rewards and benefits to hold on to their employees. Then there is an enhancing focus on employee engagement (Jensen, Mcmullen & Stark 2007, p. 63). By making the jobs more rewarding and meaningful, the managers can encourage the employees to put in a discretionary effort so as to deliver better results (Jensen, Mcmullen & Stark 2007, p. 63). The challenging global environment is pushing the organizations to make the most of the human resources that they have at their disposa l, and hence it has become essential for the managers to directly depend on their employees to perform and act in a way that is in consonance with the organization’s objectives, values and culture (Jensen, Mcmullen & Stark 2007, p. 63). The increasing diversity of workforce is one other reason necessitating a Total Rewards approach towards management (Jensen, Mcmullen & Stark 2007, p. 64). Globalization has given way to dilution of borders and has augmented the diversity within organizations (Jensen, Mcmullen & Stark, p. 64). Besides with women getting an enhanced access to education and career building opportunities, the participation and proportion of women within the workforce has increased (Jensen, Mcmullen & Stark, p. 64). Changes in social attributes and demographic aspects have also contributed to the

The Myths of Negotiating Dark Networks Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Myths of Negotiating Dark Networks - Article Example They clarify that â€Å"in contrast to hierarchies, networks lack top-down command and authoritative dispute settlement† (2008: 11). While they acknowledge the commonly cited advantages of networked actors – efficient communication and information processing, scalability, adaptability, resilience, and learning capacity – they rightfully caution that all of these may not apply to every type of network. Eistrup-Sangiovanni and Jones identify three kinds of networks: the chain network, the wheel network, and the all-channel network. Illicit networks are primarily of the first two variants and many, if not most, suffer from â€Å"inefficiencies and short life-cycles† (2008: 17). The scholarship on networks, they claim, pays scant attention to historical evidence and extant studies of terrorism, insurgency, and organized crime. Dark networks suffer from information limitations and communication failures, poor decision-making and excessive risk-taking, restrictions on scope and structural adaptability, collective action problems due to (lack of) coordination, frequent security breaches, and learning disabilities (2008: 19-33). Using these limitations as an analytical framework, Eistrup-Sangiovanni and Jones examine the organizational structure of the al-Qaida, which appears to be a robust network-based threat in the 21st century. The al-Qaida’s potency draws a lot from a hierarchical organization, which has been increasingly difficult to maintain as the group comes under sustained international pressure. Its capacity to undertake major operations – like the â€Å"9/11† attacks – dwindles as it more closely resembles a loosely structured network of actors; indeed, there have been more failed attempts than successful attacks since 2001 (2008: 35-40).

Final project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Final project - Essay Example Unless controlled, these conditions constantly prompt more noteworthy ethnic and racial competition and to more noteworthy political, social, and economic oppression. According to Barusch (264) racism is a modern phenomenon that has been in place for a longer time and it aims at alienation and exploitation of both economic and social state of the victims. I come from a metropolitan area and for that reason the area is home to all races of the world. In the past years, there has been conflict between different races living within the area. The situation around the area can trace its roots back to the time when the area was growing with establishment of industries and other social amenities. There was a huge movement of people from other regions of the country seeking employement and better social amenities. In return, there was an increase in population which was made up of different races. With time, differences started rising among individuals from different races. There are those who felt to be more superior to others. The main races that have greatly been affected are the African-American and the Latinos. The racism is highly manifested in the places of work, educational facilities, and among social amenities like restaurants and places of worship. The African-Americans particularly have been victimized more than other races as th ey are the minority within the area. The plan against racism will take place in three main area; Educational institutes, social places, and in the public places. The idea is to create social awareness and ask people to stand against racism. The following people will be involved in the program; The program will run for a month and will be taking place daily running from Monday to Saturday. The use of the Ying Yang will be very instrumental as our tool or instrument of communication. The Yin Yang is known globally to represent two

The Myths of Negotiating Dark Networks Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Myths of Negotiating Dark Networks - Article Example They clarify that â€Å"in contrast to hierarchies, networks lack top-down command and authoritative dispute settlement† (2008: 11). While they acknowledge the commonly cited advantages of networked actors – efficient communication and information processing, scalability, adaptability, resilience, and learning capacity – they rightfully caution that all of these may not apply to every type of network. Eistrup-Sangiovanni and Jones identify three kinds of networks: the chain network, the wheel network, and the all-channel network. Illicit networks are primarily of the first two variants and many, if not most, suffer from â€Å"inefficiencies and short life-cycles† (2008: 17). The scholarship on networks, they claim, pays scant attention to historical evidence and extant studies of terrorism, insurgency, and organized crime. Dark networks suffer from information limitations and communication failures, poor decision-making and excessive risk-taking, restrictions on scope and structural adaptability, collective action problems due to (lack of) coordination, frequent security breaches, and learning disabilities (2008: 19-33). Using these limitations as an analytical framework, Eistrup-Sangiovanni and Jones examine the organizational structure of the al-Qaida, which appears to be a robust network-based threat in the 21st century. The al-Qaida’s potency draws a lot from a hierarchical organization, which has been increasingly difficult to maintain as the group comes under sustained international pressure. Its capacity to undertake major operations – like the â€Å"9/11† attacks – dwindles as it more closely resembles a loosely structured network of actors; indeed, there have been more failed attempts than successful attacks since 2001 (2008: 35-40).

Animal Cruelty Essay Example for Free

Animal Cruelty Essay Renà © Descartes, a famous philosopher, once argued that, â€Å"animals are not sentient- they are machines, like mechanical clocks, devoid of feelings and incapable of experiencing pleasure or pain† (Vaughn). Today, unlike Descartes, most people believe that animals are intrinsically or instrumentally valuable, also, whether they have or deserve any rights. Defining what cruelty is has been very subjective. To some people. An animal is just property and they can beat it around as much as they want, to others, animals are part of their family and they would never lay a finger on them. There is legislation against animal cruelty but because there is so much subjectivity, the legislation fails to deter people from abusing their animals. For there to be equal justice for animal cruelty people must agree on a completely objective definition of what is cruelty and what is not. see more:animal cruelty essay Legislation for animal cruelty varies state to stat. Ohio has laws for animal cruelty in general and a section for cruelty against companion animals. The law defines companion animals as â€Å"any animal that is kept inside a residential dwelling and any dog or cat regardless of where it is kept: (Ohio Cruelty). The law does not consider any livestock or wild animal as a companion animal. The legislation then goes into what it considers cruelty, torture, or neglect. The punishments outlined in the law include jail time, fines, and the removal of their animals. The one thing that is not counted for in this legislation is the emotional ties to the animal. Every person is emotionally attached to their animal in a different way. There is no real objective way to measure how much an animal means to a person. Just because a person is emotionally attached to their animal, that does not mean that they will not commit any act of cruelty against their animal. It is said that Michael Vick claimed to love his dogs even though he subjected them to fog fighting. It is possible that in him mind he truly believed he cared for his doffs. In less extreme cases, a person could love an animal but still strike it when it was bad, In their mind the dog was bad so it deserved to be beaten,. They just do not see that as being animal cruelty. Most people believe that it is wrong to be cruel to animals. Within  different societies, animals are treated differently. Depending on how and or where a person was raised, an animal could be a loved pet that is part of their family, or they could just treat it as property and a tool that is just there for their personal use. According to Ohio law if a person owns a dog then it is considered a companion animal, no matter if it is kept in their residential dwelling or not. IN one situation the owner keeps their dog in their house and it is a part of the family. They treat their dog like a baby, petting, playing, and cuddling with it. In another situation the owner keeps their fog outside and uses it as a watchdog. The only interaction with the dog is just checking to make sure it has food and water, and maybe a quick pat on the head, and gives it a â€Å"good dog† praise. It is quite easy to see that he first person loves their dog. It is not so easy to tell in the second si tuation. They may truly love their dog and that was how they were raised to treat it. They could also have emotional attachments to the dog, such as being proud, without really caring about the dog. Kind of like my dog is bigger than your dog pride. Within the law both situations are considered equal, even though they are unequal in the emotional attachment to their animals. Living in Ohio we are familiar with the Amish culture. They live a more simplistic life without modern technologies, usually farming. Amish are known for their horse-drawn buggies that they use to get around. They also use horses to help on the farm. To some of them, horses are merely a tool and once the horse gets too old and can no longer do what they need it to do, the kill it, To them that is just the way it is, they do not consider that being cruel, People outside the Amish lifestyle have tried to come in and rescue the horses so that they can continue to live, even though they cannot work anymore. Amish are also known for owning ‘Puppy Mills’. Puppy mills are breeding kennels in which dozens, or even hundreds, of dogs are allowed to live in small cages for their whole life, as long as they are given the basics, food, water, and shelter. (Puppy Mills) These mills are not illegal. Some of these Amish-owned [puppy mills treat their dogs very poorly. â€Å"The Amish say they raise dogs much as they would any other livestock, restricting the dogs  to small cages and killing the parents when they are no longer productive† (Hinds). To most people this sounds horrific because they consider them to be companions, not livestock. Animal cruelty is subjective, and that is why legislation is not working to stop it, there needs to be an objective measuring system to measure an animal’s current welfare. There is debate to what standards need to measure and of what weight to put on each of the standards. The one thing that is known is: â€Å"Defendable animal welfare standards require scientific knowledge about animal biology to determine their physiologic, health, environmental, an behavioral requirements. However it is important to note that ethical or value-based judgments provide the underpinning for the scientific questions posed† (Millman). By looking at an animal’s physical behavior, and other factors, and comparing them to the standards, the welfare of the animal can be determined. Millman was talking about measuring the welfare of livestock. The same theory can be applied to companion animals as well. If there are things that [people can look at to determine objectively that an animal is being related cruelly, then legislation will be able to be written that will apply to everyone and will work in every situation, no matter the emotional connection to the animal. Once there is an objective way to measure animal cruelty, the public need to be educated about it. IF more people know what exactly counts as animal cruelty, then they will be more likely to report it. Currently, shows like Animal Cops: Houston bring animal cruelty out of the shadows and show the public that animals are really being abused and that people do get punished for their actions. The Houston Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is just one of the numerous societies in the U.S. that are fighting against animal cruelty. It is said that â€Å"The HSPCA receives over 10,000 reports of animal cruelty or neglect each year† (About Animal Cops: Houston: Animal Planet). People need to be aware of animal abuse to be able to report it. â€Å"Without phone calls from concerned citizens, officials wouldn’t know about most instances of animal abuse. IT all comes from the public† (Maloney). Once people report cases than the people can actually be punished for their actions. In Ohio, Whoever violates the current animal abuse law can be convicted of a misdemeanor of several degrees, and possible a felony of a certain degree. The punishments include jail time and fines, along with the removal of the animal from the convicted person. Some people do not think that the current punishments are fair for the crimes committed. One study gave people different scenarios and asked them to rate the punishment that was given. The Study showed that people were speciesist and chose harsher punishments for abuse on certain animals like puppies as compared to other animals such as chickens. The study found that the most important factor of the punishment was restricting the perpetrator’s ability to adopt an animal in the future. The study also found that the crime type (abuse or neglect) and the crime outcome (life or death) were not strong variables of punishment ratings (Sims). In Some cases, the abuse or neglect of an animal was just because of ignorance. IN those cases the person usually would just be educated about the proper treatment of animals and would not be punished, unless they were found to have not changed and still committed the abuse even though they knew it was wrong. Each crime is different and is judge d by different people so the perpetrator’s punishment tends to vary a bit. IF there was an objective way of identifying animal cruelty then it would be easier to make punishments fairer. The key to fairly assessing animal cruelty is being able to objectively identify it. Once it becomes objective, emotional ties will not determine what is cruelly. People then need to be aware of what is considered animal cruelty and report it when the see it. After that the crime can be fairly punished.

Gender-Based Assumptions of War Victims

Gender-Based Assumptions of War Victims IS THE VIEW OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN MERELY AS VICTIMS OF WAR TOO SIMPLISTIC? International actors faced numerous Humanitarian crises throughout the 1990s, leading to a New War thesis, made particularly prominent by Mary Kaldor. Whilst wars have historically been concerned with violence against the most vulnerable, only recently have studies focused on massive civilian casualties, largely women and children (Kaldor 2013: 133). In mainstream thinking, war remains an exclusively male issue where men are ‘naturally’ those who perpetrate violence; meanwhile, women and children are seen only as victims. Empirical data, however, reported that men as potential fighters are most likely to be targeted in armed conflict, including sexual aggression (Carpenter 2006: 88). Wars create all sorts of victims and perpetrators, spanning gender and roles. Thus, is the role of women and children merely as victims too simplistic? Want This paper examines how common gender-based assumptions and unclear victim-related terms led observers to consider victimization as intrinsic and gender specific. As Cynthia Enloe (2004: 10) stated, ‘naturally’ is a dangerous notion that depicts women as life-giving versus men as life-taking (Coulter, Persson and Utas 2008: 7). However, men, women and childrens roles are much more diverse and complex. Analysis of the Syrian crisis illustrates this argument and provides evidence that men, women and children may be victims, perpetrators, or even both. ‘Women and Children First’. The necessity to have a ‘victim’. Thinking about armed conflict and human security, victims are often at the heart of leaders’ decision-making and civil society’s policies. The search for adequate victims’ and humanitarian programs raised the debate about which side or communities should be acknowledged as victims and revealed the many faces of victimhood (Huyse 2003: 54). Part of the dilemma comes from the political-biased connotations and the legal definition(s) of the term victim. To discuss the former argument, we choose to use the definition provided by the 1985 UN Declaration, which defined a victim as: a person who, individually or collectively, have suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts or omissions that are in violation of criminal laws operative within Member States (UN 1985). Women and gender-based violence. Gender-based violence, especially wartime rape, is as old as war itself. For a long time in history, the ‘inferior’ position of women or certain ethnic or racial minorities was considered as natural, following Browmiller’s thesis that ‘War provides men with the perfect psychological backdrop to give vent to their contempt for women’ and became inherent to territorial advance (Brownmiller 1975, 32). During the liberation of Europe in 1945, the Russian Army raped over two million German women (Beevor 2007). However, women had to wait fifty years with the atrocities of Bosnian, Sierra Leone and Rwandan reports on rape camps to finally obtain the ear of the International community. The mediatization of armed groups using the enemy’s women to achieve ethnic cleansing, genocide and occupation goals upon the enemy raised awareness about the use of rape as a weapon (The Economist 2001, Farwell 2004). Pressures by feminist lobbies and academics led to an attempt by the UN to reinforce the protection of women and girls from gender-based violence, recognizing this ‘regrettable aspect of the war’ as a crime against humanity (Farwell 2004: 389, Erturk 2008: 1, DEDAW 1993). Nonetheless, sexual violence is not the only form of conflict-related victimization of women. The over-classification of women as ‘bush wives’, camp followers, and sex slaves undoubtedly raised the world’s awareness on gender-based violence but also diverted policy makers to address and establish efficient policies for all the range of victims (Coulter, Persson and Utas 2008: 8). For example, concerns about the health needs of women in conflict-zones – especially pregnant mothers and their children are annually expressed. In 2009 the Red Cross reported the highest rates of maternal deaths happen in war-torn countries (Puechguirbal 2009). Besides physical sequels, women suffer also from long-term and indirect psychological, social, and economical related-forms of violence. For example, women injured by sexual violence endure physical sufferings but also psychological pressures such as shame when they are back in their communities or economic deprivations and sanctions. Those issues are particularly contentious in cases where women are culturally dependent and subjected to their husbands. (Puechguirbal 2009, Erturk 2008, Tickner 1997: 628). Children as victims The same reasoning occurs with children. UNICEF recently alleged the number of children affected by civil wars has more than doubled over the past years, exceeding more than 5.5 million (UNICEF 2014: 3). However, the numbers do not reflect the form of violence and oppression nor do they specify a time distinction. Children are mainly described as ‘direct victims’ suffering from the direct effects of violence. Nevertheless, more attention should be given to the many other invisible victims, such as those children who lost one or more family members and suffer from the aftereffects of the violence they witnessed (Huyse 2003: 57, Worldvision 2014). Usually defenceless and vulnerable, children are killed, physically abused, kidnapped, recruited as soldiers, and/or displaced. In Syria, more than 1.2 million children have fled their homes, most of them are under 12 (UNICEF 2014: 18). In refugee camps, children are particularly exposed to malnutrition and unsanitary conditions, leading to all kinds of disease. Separated from their family, and/or without support from parents who could barely afford to feed and protect them, children suffer socio-economic deprivation and usually have no access to basic necessities. They are prevented from going to schools and are either enrolled as child labour and/or forced into sexual slavery, – or in the case of young women, married off to older men – to supplement their family’s meagre income (Shivakumaran 2014). In addition to physical abuses, children suffer from long-term psychological traumas from their experiences. In Syrian refugee camps, psychologists noticed unusual level of distress and visible signs social and physical dysfunction among displaced children (Atlas 2014, Winter 2014). Isolated and socially rejected, children who have been traumatized during the conflict develop sequels that can lead to new forms of violence –child soldiers, street gangs, juvenile delinquency or vendetta— (Boyden 2006: 4). In war-torn societies, the observations can generally be extended to second-generation victims; from children who suffered high levels of stress from the adults around them and children born in camps[1], to the grandchildren who carry memories from elder generations (Huyse 2004: 54, 57). Victims of Man’s war For a long time, there was a belief that men fight wars to protect vulnerable people, defend their family’s wealth, and the interests of the nation. This stereotypical role of the ‘active male protector’ naturally defined women and children as ‘passive-protected’ actors. Nevertheless, this common understanding about women and children’s victimization largely diverted the international debate from other under-acknowledged realities (Tickner 1997: 627, Enloe 2012: 7, Rygiel 2006: 150) First, armed groups are not always protecting the weak; second, the assumption that victimization is gender specific overlooks the presence of female fighters among armies (Goldstein 2001: 59). Finally, keeping in mind the fate of children as victims, recent researches indicate empirical evidence about children’s contribution to armed violence, including child soldiering. From victims to active participants Violence committed by children or women has an important symbolic power on people’s minds, because it challenges traditional social constructions that women and children are the most vulnerable (Hunt and Rygiel 2006: 2). Children as weapons Child soldiers have been in use for a long time: regular armies before the Geneva agreements made use of children. As a result of changing societal values and greater awareness of the issue, child soldiering increasingly gained political salience over the last decades of civil wars intensification. Images of tens of thousands small boys with an AK-47 –considered as a ‘cheap’ and ‘disposable goods’ by African War-lords (Rosen 2005)– created terrifying damages worldwide (Erwin 2002, Hoge 2014). However, child soldiers are generally portrayed as direct or indirect victims, forced and pressured by adults to commit brutal atrocities. Numerous testimonies by former child soldiers show the dilemma for those children who killed to defend themselves, either from their captor or an opposing armed faction (BBC 2005). The recent video released by the Islamic State (IS) shows the process of indoctrination and militarization: children carry guns as big as them, and are trained in radical ideology (Vinograd, Balkiz and Omar 2014). Many of those children are around 12-13 and do not actually have a choice, but some of them are already adults. This also leads to the debate around the capacity of youth to exercise a measure of personal autonomy in their decisions and actions (Maclure and Denov 2006: 120). Since 2002, ‘child soldiers’ definition relies the UN straight 18 principle and outlaws all major forms of children involvement in hostilities under that age (OPAC 2007). However, this strict definition tends to obscure the weight of experience, social-context and environment in which youth are evolving (Boyden 2006, Maclure and Denov 2006) Latest psychological analyses demonstrate the necessity to differentiate childhood and adolescence: much of the analysis so far has infantilized the young people as receptors of environmental stimuli, or of adult pressures, often disregarding particular cognitive and behavioural dynamics (Boyden 2006: 1). In some cases, children join for ideological reasons or for other advantages and opportunities war can bring – e.g. money, resources and power to name a few reasons. The prospect of getting a better life is worth war, leading young people to join the rebellion for the same reasons as adults (Hoeffler and Collier 2001, Boyden 2006: 4). Moreover, some scholars tend to explain instability in certain region as a consequence of demographic changes and increasing masses of youth. Post-conflict zones are primarily addressed taking into consideration the limited capacity of war-torn states to handle youthfulness (Maclure and Denov 2006, Boyden 2006: 10). For example, re-recruitment of child soldiers into war is particularly difficult to address (Hoge 2014). In response to evidence of child soldiering by the Kurdish rebel group, the International Criminal Court signed an agreement with the YGP establishing a ‘non-combatant’ category for children between 16 and 18. However and despite Demobilization, Demilitarization and rehabilitation (DDR) programs, dozens of children have tried to re-join local Kurdish military unites on their own (Geneval Call 2014). Women and Men on the moral continuum. From Antigone[2] to the Ozalp[3], women have actively participated in all aspects of war. Historical records show that women perform successfully in war –sometimes even more than their male colleagues. The quasi-exclusion of women as ‘combatants’, refers to the gender constructed discourse and dichotomy between women (peaceful) and men (warlike) which denied the active participation of women as individual perpetrators of violence (Hunt and Rygiel 2006). For example, in 2003, when were released the images of Lynndie England abusing Iraqi prisoner at Abu Ghraib surfaced, the first comments were not related to the atrocities perpetrated on the Iraqi prisoners nor the executors —no one knew, knows, or remembers the names of the other U.S. guards (Brittain 2006: 84). The shock was particularly focused around the picture of the ‘little white woman’ holding a leash tethered to the prisoner’s neck (Struckman 2010, Brittain 2006: 84) Consequently , it has become necessary to critically analyse women’s role as ‘perpetrators and perpetuators’, regarding the estimated number of women engaged today in ‘unwomanly’ behaviour worldwide, including Western armies (Goldstein 2001, Cohen and al. 2013). Fighting for freedom – The case of Kurdish Female fighters The recent growing progress of IS has given particular attention to the fighters for freedom, which fight to prevent the expansion of the Islamic caliphate. In reporting on Kobani attacks by IS, media have begun focusing specifically on the increasing proportion of female fighters who joined the Kurdish movements under the banner of the Women’s Protection Unit (YPJ). Never before has such international concern been given to female combatants and the role they can play in a major combat zone. In the region of Kobani, one in three of the city defenders are female (Pratt 2014, Mezzofiore 2014). From passive ‘protected’ to active ‘protector’, Kurdish female fighters represent a category of women that diverge from the one previously encoded in the society. Besides their abilities to shoot multiple types of weapons, they developed a full range of other skills based on physical and cognitive differences between men and women. For instance, they are mostly marksmen and snipers, as it requires ‘calm, patience and finesse,’ a typically female trait (Pratt 2014). Contrary to the images of vulnerable women, YPJ soldiers almost reveal signs of masculinity by accepting ‘death as a sacrifice that is part of the life choice they have made’ (Pratt 2014). And yet, motivations could be almost identified as feminist ones. IS treat women as objects, giving female fighters even more power against ISIS; some say that Islamic rebels are more terrified of being killed by women because if they do they cannot go to heaven (Mezzofiore 2014) The Kurdish example raises many concerns among scholars since it contrasts the common perception of women’s role. The YPJ’s struggle proves that women can be perfectly capable and willing of performing violent acts to ‘defend the Kurdish people against all evil’ (Pratt 2014). Some suggest that this could lead to the empowerment of women in the region, since female fighters are being taken much more seriously today than in the past (Mezzofiore 2014, Gatehouse 2014). Under fire – All victims? The institution of war has never been good for women and children (Farwell 2004). To a larger extend, war has never been good for anybody. Even if women and children are among the worst victims, they are not the only ones. The held idea that women and children are most likely to be displaced is not always giving justice to the data. Regarding the statistics about Registered Syrian Refugees, Males represent 48.7% and Female 51.3% of exiles. Refugees also include elderly persons, wounded warriors, minorities, people with disabilities, etc (UNRHC 2014). By qualifying women and children only as victims or combatants, scholars conceal the large range of positions they can occupy during a conflict. The mobilization of the society in the war effort has existed as long as war itself. During the First World War, the Munitionettes[4] and their children worked in factories to provide for men at war. They have been enrolled in offices, communications, intelligence, maintenance and many other under-acknowledged ways (Goldstein 2001: 78). Partly victimized, partly victimizing, women are often considered as those who sacrifice the most during war (Huyse 2003: 56) In Africa, women who must fight in armed groups have often been doubly victimized – forced to join the rebellion and raped by enemies and comrades. Consequently, it is impossible to draw a sharp line between the two categories, preventing the implementation of programs to address these women and girls’ actual lived experiences (Coulter and al. 2008 XXX). For example in post-reconstruction policies, they have failed to include women and young girls in DDR programs. Part of it is due to policy-makers’ refusal to recognize woman as combatants (Coulter and al 2008: P). Thus, depending on the policies implemented, women can suffer from deeper discrimination mainly related to the structural roots prevailing in society before the conflict (Cohen and al 2013:5) Porter’s study about rape in Uganda found that rapists are more often husbands/boyfriends or men from the same community rather than enemies (Porter 2013, Utas 2005). Or they can expect better positions with regard to equality between women and men. For example women were generally granted the right to vote after World War Two. Moreover, by emphasizing on the large proportion of women who have been abused, the debate on gender-based violence on men has been overlaid. Barring a few exceptions, the literature does not pay attention to the fact that men are also victims of poor treatment, thereby tortured more violently. Sexual violence is an issue commonly defined as affecting women and young females and yet, male rape, genital mutilation and other forms of emasculation have an important impact on men that should be documented (Cohen and al 2013: 7, Sivakumaran 2013). Aggressors often abuse male enemies or political prisoners intentionally dehumanize and humiliate them (Sivakumaran 2013, Carpenter 2006). Nevertheless, because of the psychological and social implications of male victimization, less attention is given to male adults and adolescents who have been oppressed and/or forced to commit crimes (rape, mass killings, kidnapping), leading to a bias in human security studies (Carpenter 2006). From ‘Women and Children’ to ‘Women’ and ‘Children’ Gender-based common assumptions have largely shaped the way people perceive men, women and children’s roles in war. The persistent idea of a masculine monopoly on force promotes a simplistic view of war as the continuation of politics, where men are the main actors (Enloe 2004). By categorizing men as life-taking, women as live-giving and children as the next generation, it appears that scholars have misjudged the role of women and children, especially during wars. After the mediatisation of the Bosnia Civil War and the Genocide in Rwanda, policy-makers and NGOs mainly focused on those visible atrocities that reduce the role of women and children to mere victimhood. The proportion of women and children suffering from conflicts is substantial. However, the amalgamation of ‘Women and Children’ under a unique category because of their relative ‘vulnerability’, diverted attention away from existing structural realities. Following this myth, scholarâ€℠¢s researches have exacerbated the idea of ‘tough men’ dying to protect ‘tender women and children’ and failed to question if women and children are merely victims of war. 1 [1] The huge number of child refugees is not only driven by the recent Syrian conflict but also by the growing number of Syrian, Afghan and Somali children that were born in refugee camps. (UNHCR 2014) [2] Antigone†¦ (Anouillh [3] With a lack of ammunition and in a hopeless situation, Ozalp killed herself not to fall into the hands of the rapists (Mezzofiore 2014) [4] Women working in munitions factories during WWI.